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News > Dynamic industry > Ecological footprint analysis paper

Ecological footprint analysis paper

1 Introduction
With the rapid development of China's national economy, the rapid growth in the consumption of paper products for the development of China's paper industry to provide a broad market. As one of China's paper industry focus on the development of the industry, the road to sustainable development will also be a lengthy process, in the 1990s, China has become the world's largest producer of pulp, and pulp production has been in a steady growth in the state, in 2009 China's paper and paperboard production and consumption reached 86.4 million tons, respectively, and 85.69 million tons, the pattern of the paper industry in the world has had considerable influence. The development of the paper industry depends fundamentally on the supply of natural capital, such as forest land, agricultural land and fossil fuels, the consumption of each piece of paper, is the accumulation of wood, energy and other resource consumption. Realization of the basic conditions for the sustainable development of the paper industry is the absolute amount of material consumption reduction, the reduction must be achieved metabolism study the economic system, the establishment of quantitative methods and indicators of basic material, the material throughput economic processes that run measurement and monitoring.

China's paper industry has many problems in the development process, such as the raw material structure is irrational, the proportion of waste utilization is not high, the recovery rate is low, high water consumption and heavy pollution, unreasonable product structure and other issues restricting the country's paper industry sustainable development. How to evaluate the sustainable development of China's paper industry on a uniform scale is an important issue, this paper studied the ecological footprint method as a model system to study China's paper industry, analysis of ecological footprint and resource use paper industry complex systems.
2 ecological footprint model
Ecological footprint analysis method is proposed in the 1990s a measure of the degree of sustainable development indicators, which quantitatively measures the impact of humans on the natural world. Focuses on the concept of ecological footprint ecological sustainable development of quantitative indicators, with the image of a comprehensive, easy to understand, and can express the relative size of human consumption on the ecosystem occupied reveal its trends and major contradiction. Ecological footprint model is proposed based on the following assumptions and facts: human resource consumption and emissions of waste that can be tracked, and find the corresponding production region and consumptive area; can be given to a variety of different types of land area of a certain weight will be transformed into a standardized unit of global hectares; since analyze which biologically productive area on Earth is feasible, the total number of ecosystem services demand total supply capacity of natural systems and human systems on natural systems can be compared.
Ecological footprint model using biophysical unit measure certain areas of demand for natural resources and natural resource ecology support for human survival, reproduction and economic activity. Because of the energy consumption in the paper industry, mainly through analyzing the production process CO2 emissions impact on the ecological environment, to offset this impact the need for adequate absorption woodland, so the final energy consumption of land into forest land owned. And provide the basis for the production of raw materials mainly wood pulp plantations, the calculation results eventually naturalized as forestry land. On the other hand in the paper and accessories import and export process implied resources also applied ecological footprint calculation and analysis methods.
Paper ecological footprint is calculated as follows:
EF = N · ef = NΣrj (Pi + Ii-Ei) / Yj × N (1)
Where, i is the type of consumer items; Pi is the i-th annual production of consumer items; annual import volume Ii i-consumption items; Ei for i-consumption items export volume; Yj of biologically productive land produce section World average yield i consumption items; N is the number of the population; EF ecological footprint of the total population; ef per capita ecological footprint.
3 paper ecological footprint
This paper uses data from China Statistical Yearbook, China Paper Yearbook, annual reports and other Chinese paper industry, according to the above method to calculate directly the paper from 2000 to 2007 the ecological footprint of energy such as fossil fuels, electricity, and through a certain process of converting the paper production involved in the pulp, paper and wood pulp and other non-converted by a certain factor in terms of timber and other raw materials needed to calculate their ecological footprint.
3.1 papermaking energy footprint calculation results and analysis
China's paper industry's energy consumption includes part of the coal, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and electricity, the calculation of the paper industry from 2000 to 2007 per capita ecological footprint based on energy statistics, the results in Table 1. Analysis Table 1 paper per capita energy footprint, which China's per capita energy footprint from 2001 to 2007 the overall upward trend in per capita contribution of the largest footprints belong to coal consumption. Coal consumption per capita share of the total energy footprint footprint increased from 95% in 2000 rising to 97 per cent in 2007, while per capita consumption footprint of the absolute amount of coal in 2000 was 0.0050 hectares / person, to 2007 reached 0.00970 hectares / person, an increase of nearly doubled. Crude oil, diesel oil per capita ecological footprint changes from 2000 to 2007 to a lesser extent. Fuel oil per capita footprint from 2001-2007 fluctuation, and per capita energy only reduce the ecological footprint per capita footprint kerosene. But overall oil consumption per capita footprint is small, and the total consumption footprint decline. Overall occupancy electricity per capita ecological footprint smaller amount of energy, but the per capita electricity consumption is growing faster footprint, from 2000 to 2007 to double.
Analysis of China's energy footprint growth factors, including the following aspects: (1) the use of low consumption big. Analysis of domestic energy consumption and paper industry, paper industry abroad purchased fuel in heavy oil, natural gas-based, high combustion efficiency, low energy consumption per ton of product, while domestic consumption of the paper industry mainly in coal-based coal as primary energy consumption structure, resulting in a transport pressure, low energy efficiency and environmental pollution and many other problems. As in 2005, the international integrated energy level tons of pulp 0.9 to 1.2 tons of standard coal, most of our overall energy consumption enterprises tons of pulp about 1.38 tons of standard coal. (2) the absolute growth in China's paper industry paper and paperboard production of further increases in energy consumption, such as our paper and paperboard production in 2000 from 30.5 million tons to 73.5 million tons in 2007, in our limited energy efficiency under the circumstances, you increase the absolute amount of energy use. (3) the production of energy utilization rate. Energy Zigeiyouyu modern pulp industry, but the pulp and paper combine energy self-sufficiency rate is only 60% to 70%. Such as the furnace by alkali lignin can be converted to sodium carbonate, in turn burning organic matter into carbon monoxide, and carbon monoxide generate electricity directly through combustion engine, and thus efficient use of energy self-sufficiency, realize recycling economy development model of the paper industry.
3.2 ecological footprint calculation and analysis of pulp
Provision of raw materials is one of the basic conditions for the sustainable development of the paper industry, paper industry in the development process of China's pulp structure unreasonable phenomenon restricted sustainable development of China's paper industry. The proportion of the total pulp basic maintenance from 2000 to 2007, domestic pulp and paper industry in our country about 10%, although the absolute number rose from 2 million tons to 6.05 million tons, but a smaller proportion of the overall. Our non-wood pulp paper industry including bluegrass straw, reed (Di, Mount stalk) pulp and bagasse pulp, straw and reed bluegrass number (Mount) pulp in 2000 84% of the total number of non-wood pulp, and grasses the proportion of pulp still increasing in recent years, in order to analyze the ecological footprint of non-wood pulp, will unify all non-wood pulp converted into bluegrass straw. Due to produce 1 ton of non-wood probably need three tons of grasses, grasses average yield of about 2 tons value / ha · year. Pulp ecological footprint calculations, producing one ton of wood pulp needs about 5 m 3 of wood, and assuming all the necessary timber from plantation, and the amount of wood per hectare savings of 90 m 3 / year. In calculating the ecological footprint of waste paper pulp, 80% of the amount of waste generated as a waste paper pulp and paper industry in general that producing one ton according to the paper needs wood, combined with the corresponding average timber production forest land China at this stage, the paper accounting for appropriate forestry land.
Based on the above analysis, China from 2000 to 2007 and non-wood pulp ecological footprint, the results in Table 2. Analysis of the pulp and paper industry in consumption per capita ecological footprint, from 2000 to 0.00141 hectares / person in 2007 to 0.00366 hectares / person. Waste paper pulp per capita ecological footprint in 2000 from 0.003 ha / person also increased in 2007 0.010013 ha / person. Waste wood pulp per capita footprint overall footprint than large and fast growing. Our non-wood consumption per capita ecological footprint in 2000 from 0.01320 hectares / person in 2007 rose to 0.01541 hectares / person. Combined analysis of the paper pulp, waste paper pulp, non-wood pulp per capita footprint structure, the proportion of non-wood pulp and paper industry footprint per capita declined from 74.2 percent in 2000 to 52.9% in 2007; the proportion of waste paper pulp per capita footprint the total proportion of pulp per capita footprint from 16.8 percent in 2000 rose to 34.7% in 2007; while the proportion of wood pulp per capita footprint footprint proportional change in the total pulp to a lesser extent, in 2000 only increased by 9% to 12.3%. Decreased and the proportion of non-wood pulp and waste paper pulp has risen description of the paper industry in the development process, the increasing emphasis on the development of an integrated pulp and paper process. On the other hand, recycling of waste paper is one important way to the development of China's paper industry. Pulp and paper to a certain extent is the main trend of the development of the paper industry, however, rely solely on wood and paper materials to the required adequate human consumption is far from meeting with, which requires non-wood pulp and paper industry in the production process need to invest more financial and material resources to solve the non-wood pulp production process issues such as energy efficiency through technological innovation and achieve win-win situation for wood and non-wood pulp paper.
3.3 Paper and export footprint analysis
Development of global economic integration process so that our paper industry also appeared in an unprecedented development, a lot of paper, import and export of paper and paper products have a huge impact on China's paper industry. China's paper industry in the production process, non-wood pulp is generally homegrown, without considering its import and export, considering only our pulp, waste paper, paper and paper products and export per capita ecological footprint, the results in Table 2. Our wood pulp, waste paper exports per capita footprint analysis of very small changes in accordance with Table 2, analysis on the one hand it is due to the shortage of resources in the development of China's paper industry itself, on the other hand may be due to the quality of wood pulp and waste paper export problems caused by the impact. China's imports of paper pulp per capita from 2000 to 0.0088 hectares / person in 2007 to 0.00213 hectares / person, although China's per capita footprint of the total domestic wood pulp rose from 37.4 percent in 2000 to 41.7% in 2007 but our pulp per capita ecological footprint is still dependent on imports of wood pulp. The paper presents the proportion of imports per capita footprint first and then decreased, the result is the per capita footprint of the total imports of waste paper pulp waste paper pulp footprint in 2000, up from 26 percent in 2005 to 48.5% in 2007 down to 44.9%. While the import and export of paper and paper products in terms of the corresponding per capita footprint, China's per capita footprint of paper and paper imports from 2000 0.00025 hectares / person in 2007 fell to 0.00016 hectares / person, while exports of paper and paper trail from 2000 0.00006 ha / person in 2007 rose to 0.00024 hectares / person, paper and paper products for the first time in 2006 footprints indicate the status of exports over imports.
Imported wood pulp, waste paper pulp, paper and paper products per capita footprint of a comprehensive analysis of the structure shown in Figure 1. China's paper industry imports per capita footprint of the total wood pulp, waste paper pulp, paper and paper trail of trends from 2000 to 20007 years after presenting the first increased and then decreased, from 2000 to 2005, the underlying trend is rising, from 2005 to 2007 was a downward trend. With the wood pulp and waste paper pulp to improve the productivity of our country, to some extent, reduce the country's dependence on imported wood pulp. However, the import and export of wood pulp and waste paper pulp with the growth of China's paper and paperboard consumption and rapid increase in the modern paper industry capacity, while the domestic supply and demand contradiction fiber material, the gap increased every year, on the other hand the international pulp and paper industry the proportion of the total consumption of pulp natively average of 63%, while domestic consumption of wood pulp has been only about 10% proportion, thus determining the import and export trade in the development process of China's paper industry still accounts for an important position.
The overall development of China's paper industry 3.4 Analysis
In many developed countries such as the United States and Japan, the paper industry has become a pillar of the manufacturing sector of the national economy, one of its top ten. However, in China's paper industry output value accounted for a smaller proportion, but because of its production process involving forestry, agriculture, machinery manufacturing, chemical, transportation, environmental protection and other industries, which is a comprehensive analysis of the paper industry to form a certain degree of difficulty.
To reflect the utilization efficiency of biologically productive area of the paper industry, the paper from 2000 to 2007 will total ecological footprint of paper divided by the paper's industrial output, resulting in gross industrial output paper trail demand conditions, the results shown in Figure 2 . Figure 2 shows that China's paper industry from 2000 to 2007, industrial output decreased footprint demand, which from the perspective of resource utilization level of output shows the ecological footprint of the unit of China's paper industry has been greatly improved, resource utilization conditions have been significantly improved.
4 Conclusion and discussion
Development of the paper industry involves water resources, water environment, forestry, agriculture, energy and many other factors, in order to achieve sustainable development of China's paper industry must be water conservation, energy conservation, energy, pollution reduction, efficiency, etc., as its main development goal, according to the principles of scientific concept of development and recycling economy, through the implementation of cleaner production, improving technology, and control the per capita consumption, in order to promote the healthy development of China's paper industry. Because the main consideration ecological footprint of human life and production of resources consumption, less environmental pollution assessment of the impact, while the traditional paper industry, as one of the environmental pollution heavy industry, the application of ecological footprint in its evaluation process, there is no depth discussion and Analysis, which is less than the present study. In this paper, the ecological footprint in the paper industry resources into a unified measure, detailed calculations and analyzes the 2000-2007 paper ecological footprint.
The total ecological footprint of China's paper industry is rising, the outlook is not optimistic, in order to improve the competitiveness of China's paper industry fundamentally, the paper industry and reduce our ecological footprint, we must address the following fundamental questions:
(1) the principle of conservation of paper. China's paper industry has a higher annual production growth, coupled with our population growth, per capita paper also continued to increase, which is the development of China's paper industry presented a greater challenge. Although the analysis of all aspects of China's paper industry tends to the right direction, but sewage, solid waste emissions continued to increase the total value in some areas, which our country to achieve environmental protection is still a difficult problem to solve.
(2) the implementation of "reduce, reuse and recycle" principle. Paper recycling economy development model, changing the traditional high energy consumption, high pollution and low efficiency of the traditional model of economic growth, industrialization and establish a new system in order to achieve sustainable development of the industry.
(3) integrated pulp and paper is the only way for the development of China's paper industry. Through the implementation of integrated pulp and paper, enterprise scale and sophistication of product quality, to further reduce our energy consumption, water consumption, to achieve healthy and sustainable development of the paper industry, and solve our extensive cultivation occurs in the process of afforestation, reforestation saw , microscopic lumber and other issues.
(4) sustainable development model to optimize resource optimization and scale combine. In the annual statistics of papermaking enterprises above designated size, showing an increasing trend in general, but due to the presence of paper pulp low specific gravity, small scale, high-grade paper types, such as the production capacity of small structural contradictions, is not conducive to resource optimization portfolio and business model to enhance the scale, seriously restricting the development of the paper industry to improve overall competitiveness.

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